Eumenes II of Pergamon vs Postumus

Eumenes II fought alongside the Romans at the Battle of Magnesia, where the Seleucid king Antiochus III was defeated. This victory secured Roman dominance in Asia Minor and expanded Pergamon's territory, making it a key Roman ally.

Eumenes II benefited from the Treaty of Apamea, which ended the war with Antiochus III. Pergamon received large territories in Asia Minor, including Phrygia and Lydia, greatly increasing its wealth and influence.

Eumenes II commissioned the Great Altar of Pergamon, a monumental structure adorned with a frieze depicting the Gigantomachy. This masterpiece of Hellenistic art symbolized the Attalid dynasty's power and cultural patronage.

Following the capture of Emperor Valerian by the Sassanids, Postumus was proclaimed emperor by his troops in Gaul. He established the Gallic Empire, a breakaway state comprising Gaul, Britain, and Hispania, with its capital at Colonia Agrippina.

Postumus repelled an invasion by Emperor Gallienus, defeating him at the Battle of Mursa. This victory secured the Gallic Empire's independence and forced Gallienus to abandon attempts to reconquer the western provinces.

Postumus successfully defended the Gallic Empire against both internal usurpers and external Germanic invasions for nine years. His reign provided stability to the western provinces during the Crisis of the Third Century, with effective administration and coinage.

After defeating the usurper Laelianus at Mainz, Postumus refused to allow his troops to sack the city. His soldiers mutinied and killed him, ending his reign. His death led to a period of instability in the Gallic Empire.