Henry Bolingbroke vs Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik

Henry Bolingbroke was exiled from England by King Richard II following a dispute with Thomas de Mowbray. The exile was initially for ten years, later commuted to life, stripping Henry of his inheritance and prompting his return to claim the throne.

Henry landed at Ravenspur in Yorkshire with a small force while Richard II was in Ireland. He gathered support from nobles, captured Richard, and forced his abdication. Parliament then accepted Henry as King Henry IV, establishing the Lancastrian dynasty.

Henry IV's forces defeated a rebellion led by Henry Percy (Hotspur) and the Earl of Worcester. The battle was the first major engagement between English armies using longbows. Hotspur was killed, ending the Percy rebellion and securing Henry's throne.

Henry IV's forces captured Harlech Castle, the headquarters of Owain Glynd

Henry IV suffered from a debilitating illness, possibly leprosy or epilepsy, which weakened his ability to govern. Factional struggles between his son Prince Henry and Archbishop Arundel intensified. The king's health declined further, leading to his death in 1413.

Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik became the Umayyad caliph after the death of his brother, Yazid II. His reign was the longest of the later Umayyads, lasting 19 years.

Hisham launched annual raids into Byzantine Anatolia, capturing several fortresses. These campaigns were costly but maintained pressure on the Byzantine Empire, though they did not achieve decisive conquest.

Hisham implemented administrative reforms to improve tax collection and centralize control over the provinces. He also invested in irrigation projects in Iraq, boosting agricultural productivity.

Umayyad forces under Hisham's reign were defeated by the Franks under Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours. This halted the northward expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate into Western Europe.