Henry I of England vs Lothair I

Henry was crowned king of England on August 5, 1100, just three days after his brother William II's death. He issued the Charter of Liberties, promising to curb royal abuses.

Henry defeated his brother Robert Curthose at Tinchebray in Normandy. Robert was captured and imprisoned for life, and Henry reunited England and Normandy under his rule.

Henry established the Exchequer as a central financial department, standardizing tax collection and accounting. He also issued the Leges Henrici Primi, a legal code that systematized English law.

Henry's only legitimate son, William Adelin, drowned in the White Ship disaster off the coast of Normandy. This tragedy left Henry without a male heir, leading to a succession crisis after his death.

Henry died on December 1, 1135, at Lyons-la-For

Lothair I was crowned co-emperor by Pope Paschal I in Rome, receiving the imperial title from his father Louis the Pious. This coronation affirmed Lothair's status as the senior heir and future ruler of the Carolingian Empire, though it later led to conflict with his brothers.

Lothair I led a rebellion of nobles against his father, Emperor Louis the Pious, resulting in Louis's temporary deposition. Lothair seized power but was later forced to restore his father after the intervention of his brothers. This event deepened family divisions.

Lothair I's forces were defeated by the combined armies of his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald at Fontenoy-en-Puisaye. The battle was a bloody civil war that weakened the Carolingian dynasty and led directly to the negotiations for the Treaty of Verdun.

Lothair I, along with his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald, signed the Treaty of Verdun, dividing the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms. Lothair received Middle Francia, including the imperial title and the cities of Aachen and Rome.

Lothair I abdicated the throne and divided Middle Francia among his three sons: Louis II (Italy and imperial title), Lothair II (Lotharingia), and Charles (Provence). He then retired to Pr