Henry V vs King Sinjong of Goryeo

Henry V was elected King of Germany in 1106 after rebelling against his father Henry IV, who died the same year. His accession marked the continuation of the Salian dynasty amid the Investiture Controversy.

Henry V led a military campaign to Italy in 1110-1111 to assert imperial claims over the Papal States and secure his coronation. He captured Rome and forced Pope Paschal II to concede investiture rights, but the agreement was later repudiated.

Pope Paschal II crowned Henry V Holy Roman Emperor in Rome on April 13, 1111, after Henry forced the Pope to grant him the right of investiture. The coronation followed a tense standoff where Henry imprisoned the Pope and cardinals.

Henry V and Pope Callixtus II signed the Concordat of Worms on September 23, 1122, ending the Investiture Controversy. The agreement gave the Church the right to elect bishops but allowed the emperor to invest them with secular authority.

Choe Chung-heon deposed King Myeongjong and installed his younger brother, King Sinjong, as the new monarch. Sinjong was a puppet ruler with no authority, as Choe retained all real power over the government and military.

Throughout King Sinjong's reign, Choe Chung-heon ruled as the de facto dictator. The king performed ceremonial duties but had no say in policy. Choe maintained a private army and controlled the bureaucracy, reducing the monarchy to a symbolic role.

King Sinjong died in 1204 after a short reign. His son, King Huijong, succeeded him. However, the succession was controlled by Choe Chung-heon, who continued to dominate the new king, maintaining the military dictatorship.