Idris Alooma vs Supayalat

Idris Alooma introduced firearms, including muskets and cannons, to the Kanem-Bornu army. He hired Turkish and North African mercenaries to train his troops, creating a professional standing army that gave Bornu a military advantage.

Idris Alooma made a pilgrimage to Mecca, traveling through Egypt and Arabia. He established diplomatic ties with the Ottoman Empire and secured support for his military reforms, including the supply of firearms.

Idris Alooma led campaigns against the Sao people, who had long raided Bornu. He defeated them and incorporated their territory, securing the empire's southern borders and gaining control over trade routes.

Idris Alooma built fortified military camps (ribats) along Bornu's borders. These camps housed garrisons and served as bases for campaigns, improving defense against raids from the Tuareg and other groups.

Idris Alooma codified Islamic law and established a system of courts in Bornu. He appointed qadis (judges) and standardized legal procedures, strengthening the rule of law and centralizing authority.

Supayalat married her half-brother Thibaw, who became king of Burma. She became the chief queen and wielded significant influence over his decisions.

Supayalat orchestrated the massacre of up to 80 royal family members to eliminate rivals to Thibaw's throne. The killings were carried out by palace guards and cemented her reputation for ruthlessness.

British forces invaded Upper Burma after a dispute over a fine imposed on the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation. Supayalat advised Thibaw to resist, leading to a brief war.

After the British capture of Mandalay, Supayalat and Thibaw were exiled to Ratnagiri, India. She lived there for the rest of her life, never returning to Burma.