Jai Singh II of Amber vs Mozaffar ad-Din Shah

Jai Singh II built the first Jantar Mantar observatory in Delhi, commissioned by Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. The observatory featured instruments like the Samrat Yantra and Jai Prakash Yantra for astronomical calculations. It was one of five observatories he built across India.

Jai Singh II founded the planned city of Jaipur, designed according to Vastu Shastra and Shilpa Shastra. The city was laid out in a grid pattern with wide streets and designated commercial zones. It became the capital of the Jaipur princely state.

Jai Singh II led a campaign against the Jat ruler Badan Singh of Javli. The battle resulted in Jai Singh's victory and the annexation of Javli territory into Jaipur. This expanded Jaipur's influence in the region.

Jai Singh II built the Jantar Mantar observatory in Jaipur, a collection of 19 astronomical instruments. The observatory allowed precise measurements of time, celestial positions, and eclipses. It remains one of the largest stone observatories in the world.

Jai Singh II compiled the Zij-i Muhammad Shahi, an astronomical table based on observations from his observatories. The work updated earlier Islamic astronomical tables and provided accurate data for celestial movements. It was presented to Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah.

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah granted a 60-year oil concession to William Knox D'Arcy, giving him exclusive rights to explore and exploit oil in most of Persia. This concession led to the discovery of oil in 1908 and the founding of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which became a major economic and political force.

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah signed the Fundamental Law of Persia, establishing a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament (Majlis). This was a response to the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1906, which demanded limits on royal power and the creation of a representative government.

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah signed the Supplementary Fundamental Laws, which expanded the constitution to include civil rights protections, such as freedom of speech, press, and assembly, and established the principle of equality before the law. These laws were enacted shortly before his death.