Kalakaua vs Mubarak al-Sabah

David Kalākaua was elected king by the Hawaiian legislature after the death of King Lunalilo. His election sparked a riot by supporters of Queen Emma, which was suppressed by American and British troops.

Kalākaua signed a reciprocity treaty with the United States that eliminated tariffs on Hawaiian sugar and other products. In exchange, the US gained exclusive rights to use Pearl Harbor as a naval base, increasing American influence.

Kalākaua became the first monarch to circumnavigate the globe, traveling to the United States, Europe, and Asia. He sought to strengthen diplomatic ties, promote Hawaiian culture, and recruit immigrants to work on sugar plantations.

Kalākaua completed the construction of ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu, the only royal palace in the United States. The palace was equipped with modern amenities like electricity and telephones, symbolizing Hawaiian modernization.

Kalākaua was forced by a group of American and European businessmen, backed by the Honolulu Rifles militia, to sign a new constitution. The Bayonet Constitution stripped the monarchy of power, gave voting rights only to wealthy landowners, and favored foreign interests.

Kalākaua died in San Francisco while on a diplomatic trip to the United States. His death was attributed to Bright's disease (kidney failure). He was the last reigning king of Hawaii.

Mubarak al-Sabah assassinated his half-brothers, Sheikh Muhammad and Sheikh Jarrah, to seize power as the ruler of Kuwait. This act ended the Al-Sabah succession dispute and established Mubarak as the sole authority, marking the beginning of his reign.

Mubarak signed a treaty with Britain making Kuwait a British protectorate. Britain guaranteed Kuwait's security and autonomy in exchange for control over its foreign affairs. This agreement protected Kuwait from Ottoman and Saudi expansion.

Mubarak's forces defeated the Saudi-aligned Ikhwan at the Battle of Hadia. This victory secured Kuwait's southern borders and prevented Saudi expansion into Kuwaiti territory. It solidified Mubarak's control over the region.