Kalala Ilunga vs Mozaffar ad-Din Shah

Kalala Ilunga led military campaigns east of the Lualaba River, conquering territories inhabited by the Songye and other groups. This expansion brought new trade routes and resources under Luba control, significantly increasing the empire's size and wealth.

Kalala Ilunga strengthened the mulopwe's control over provincial governors by appointing loyal relatives to key positions. He also standardized tribute collection and established a network of royal courts to enforce Luba law across the expanded territory.

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah granted a 60-year oil concession to William Knox D'Arcy, giving him exclusive rights to explore and exploit oil in most of Persia. This concession led to the discovery of oil in 1908 and the founding of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which became a major economic and political force.

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah signed the Fundamental Law of Persia, establishing a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament (Majlis). This was a response to the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1906, which demanded limits on royal power and the creation of a representative government.

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah signed the Supplementary Fundamental Laws, which expanded the constitution to include civil rights protections, such as freedom of speech, press, and assembly, and established the principle of equality before the law. These laws were enacted shortly before his death.