Maravarman Sundara Pandya vs Toghrul Beg

Maravarman Sundara Pandya led a successful campaign against the Chola king Kulothunga III. He defeated the Chola army and captured the Chola capital, ending Chola dominance in the region and establishing Pandya supremacy.

After defeating the Cholas, Maravarman Sundara Pandya consolidated his rule over the Pandya kingdom. He expanded his territory and established a strong administration, laying the foundation for the later Pandya empire.

Maravarman Sundara Pandya died, and his son Jatavarman Sundara Pandya succeeded him. His death marked the end of the initial phase of Pandya resurgence, which would be continued by his son.

Toghrul Beg led the Seljuk Turks to victory over the Ghaznavid Empire at Dandanaqan in Khorasan. This defeat forced the Ghaznavids to retreat eastward, granting the Seljuks control of Khorasan and establishing their power base in Persia.

Toghrul Beg launched a major raid into Byzantine Anatolia, reaching as far as the city of Manzikert. Although he did not capture the city, the campaign demonstrated Seljuk military strength and foreshadowed future conflicts that would lead to the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.

Toghrul Beg entered Baghdad at the invitation of the Abbasid Caliph al-Qa'im, who sought protection from the Buyid dynasty. Toghrul deposed the Buyid ruler, married the caliph's daughter, and was granted the title 'Sultan', becoming the de facto ruler of the Islamic world.

Toghrul's half-brother Ibrahim Inal rebelled against his authority, allying with the Fatimid Caliphate. Toghrul defeated and executed Ibrahim Inal, consolidating his power and eliminating a major internal threat to Seljuk unity.