Mochtar Lubis vs Rene Levesque

Mochtar Lubis co-founded the daily newspaper Indonesia Raya, which became a prominent voice for independent journalism in Indonesia. The paper was known for its critical reporting and was eventually banned by the government.

Mochtar Lubis was arrested by the Sukarno government for his critical journalism, accused of subversion. He was imprisoned without trial for several years, becoming a symbol of press freedom under authoritarian rule.

Mochtar Lubis published his novel 'Twilight in Jakarta' (Senja di Jakarta), a critical portrayal of corruption and social inequality in Indonesia. The book was banned in Indonesia but gained international recognition.

Mochtar Lubis was again arrested, this time by the Suharto regime, following the Malari incident. He was detained for his alleged involvement in protests against the government, highlighting the continued repression of dissent.

Lévesque merged his Mouvement Souveraineté-Association with other separatist groups to form the Parti Québécois, a sovereignist political party. The PQ aimed to achieve Quebec's independence from Canada through democratic means, becoming a major force in Quebec politics.

Lévesque led the Parti Québécois to victory in the Quebec general election, winning 71 seats and forming the first sovereignist government in the province's history. His election marked a seismic shift in Canadian politics and triggered debates about national unity.

Lévesque's government enacted Bill 101, making French the sole official language of Quebec in government, education, and business. The law restricted English-language schooling and signage, aiming to protect and promote the French language in Quebec.

Lévesque's government held a referendum on a mandate to negotiate 'sovereignty-association' with Canada. The 'No' side won with 59.6% of the vote, defeating the sovereignty proposal. Lévesque accepted the result and continued as premier.

Lévesque resigned as premier and leader of the Parti Québécois after internal party divisions over the sovereignty strategy and declining popularity. He was succeeded by Pierre-Marc Johnson. Lévesque's legacy as a champion of Quebec nationalism remained strong.