Ali ibn Abi Talib vs Arnulf of Carinthia

Ali defeated a coalition led by Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr near Basra. The battle, named after Aisha's camel, was the first major conflict between Muslims. It resulted in the deaths of many prominent Companions and deepened the rift in the community.

Ali ibn Abi Talib became the fourth caliph after Uthman's assassination. His reign was marked by internal conflicts, including the Battle of the Camel and the Battle of Siffin, as he struggled to assert authority over a divided Muslim community.

Ali's forces fought Muawiyah's army at Siffin in Syria. The battle ended in a stalemate when Muawiyah's troops raised copies of the Quran, calling for arbitration. Ali agreed, leading to a split among his supporters and the emergence of the Kharijites.

The arbitration between Ali and Muawiyah at Adhruh resulted in a decision that undermined Ali's claim to the caliphate. The outcome alienated many of Ali's supporters, leading to the Kharijite rebellion and weakening his position.

Ali was assassinated by a Kharijite named Ibn Muljam while praying at the mosque in Kufa. His death ended the Rashidun Caliphate and led to the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty under Muawiyah, cementing the Sunni-Shia split.

Arnulf played a key role in the deposition of his uncle, Charles the Fat, in 887. As the illegitimate son of Carloman, Arnulf was elected King of East Francia by the nobles, ending the unified Carolingian rule and establishing his own dynasty.

Arnulf of Carinthia led an East Frankish army to victory against Viking raiders at the Battle of the Dyle in present-day Belgium. This victory halted Viking incursions into East Francia and demonstrated Arnulf's military capability, boosting his prestige.

Arnulf allied with the Magyars (Hungarians) against the Moravian Empire, inviting them into Central Europe. This decision backfired, as the Magyars later turned on East Francia, launching devastating raids. Arnulf's short-term strategy had long-term negative consequences.

Arnulf was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Formosus on February 22, 896, in Rome. He had marched into Italy to support the pope against rival factions. His coronation was brief, as he suffered a stroke soon after and returned to East Francia.

Arnulf died on December 8, 899, likely from a stroke. He was succeeded by his young son, Louis the Child, whose weak rule led to further fragmentation and vulnerability to Magyar attacks. Arnulf's reign was marked by military successes but also strategic errors.