Charles IV of Bohemia vs Louis IV the Bavarian

Charles IV founded Charles University in Prague, the first university in Central Europe. The institution became a center of learning and culture, attracting scholars from across Europe and fostering the development of Czech intellectual life.

Charles IV was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Pope Innocent VI. This coronation solidified his authority over the empire and allowed him to implement reforms that strengthened imperial governance.

Charles IV issued the Golden Bull, a constitutional document that regulated the election of the Holy Roman Emperor. It established the seven prince-electors and defined their privileges, stabilizing the empire's political structure for centuries.

Charles IV commissioned the construction of the Charles Bridge in Prague, a stone bridge connecting the Old Town with the Lesser Quarter. The bridge became a vital trade route and a symbol of Prague's architectural heritage.

Louis, Duke of Bavaria, was elected King of Germany by a faction of electors, while Frederick the Fair of Habsburg was elected by another faction. This led to a double election and civil war.

Louis IV decisively defeated his rival Frederick the Fair at the Battle of M

Pope John XXII excommunicated Louis IV for exercising imperial authority without papal approval. Louis responded by declaring the pope a heretic and invading Italy, leading to a prolonged conflict between empire and papacy.

Louis IV issued the Declaration of Rhense, asserting that the German king's authority derived from election by the prince-electors, not papal approval. This strengthened the independence of the German monarchy.