Alfonso XIII vs Guru Tegh Bahadur

Alfonso XIII became King of Spain at birth, as his father Alfonso XII had died. His mother Maria Cristina served as regent until he came of age in 1902.

During Alfonso XIII's minority, Spain lost the Spanish-American War, ceding Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States. This disaster led to the Generation of '98 and a crisis of national identity.

Spanish forces suffered a catastrophic defeat at Annual in Morocco, with thousands killed by Rifian rebels. The disaster severely damaged the monarchy's prestige and led to political crisis.

Alfonso XIII supported General Miguel Primo de Rivera's coup, which established a military dictatorship. The king's association with the dictatorship further eroded support for the monarchy.

After the Republican victory in municipal elections, Alfonso XIII left Spain without abdicating. The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed, and he lived in exile until his death in 1941.

Guru Har Krishan appointed Tegh Bahadur as his successor, making him the ninth Sikh Guru. This continued the tradition of guru succession and brought a period of renewed focus on Sikh teachings.

Guru Tegh Bahadur founded the city of Anandpur Sahib in the Shivalik Hills. It became a major Sikh center and later the birthplace of the Khalsa.

Guru Tegh Bahadur traveled extensively through Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar, spreading Sikh teachings. He visited many places, including Patna and Dhaka, strengthening the Sikh community's presence.

Guru Tegh Bahadur was arrested and executed in Delhi by order of Emperor Aurangzeb for refusing to convert to Islam and for protecting Kashmiri Pandits. His martyrdom at Chandni Chowk became a pivotal event in Sikh history.