Nurhaci

Nurhaci completed the unification of the fragmented Jurchen tribes of Manchuria. He organized them into the Eight Banners system, a military and social structure that became the foundation of his power. He then proclaimed the Later Jin dynasty.

Nurhaci proclaimed the establishment of the Later Jin dynasty in Manchuria, claiming legitimacy as a successor to the Jin dynasty. This act formally declared his independence from the Ming dynasty and established a rival state.

Nurhaci issued the Seven Grievances, a formal declaration of war against the Ming dynasty. The grievances listed alleged Ming injustices against the Jurchens, including interference in tribal affairs and killing of Jurchen leaders. This justified his invasion of Ming territory.

Nurhaci's forces decisively defeated a large Ming army at the Battle of Sarhu. The Ming sent four separate armies into Manchuria, but Nurhaci used interior lines to defeat them in detail. This victory secured his control over Manchuria.

Nurhaci led an invasion of Ming territory but was defeated at the Battle of Ningyuan by Ming general Yuan Chonghuan. The Ming used European-style cannons to repel the Later Jin forces. Nurhaci was wounded during the battle and died shortly after.